Modern vitreous surgery through the pars plana is now one of the most effective tools for treating posterior segment diseases. Macular pucker, vitreomacular traction syndrome, macular hole, subfoveal choroidal neovascular membrane, submacular hematoma and diabetic macular edema comprise the spectrum of macular disease. Innovative and exciting developments in the field of macular surgery offer promise to patients with these conditions. Epiretinal membranes are fine, nonvascular fibrotic membranes on the surface of the retina. Advances in the pathogenesis, classification and surgical intervention of idiopathic macular holes have generated a renewed interest in this entity. In the last several years, a surge of interest has been seen in submacular surgery. Candidates for this surgery consist primarily of individuals with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization and those with submacular hemorrhage. Blood beneath the neurosensory retina almost always originates from the choroidal circulation. Trauma to choroidal vessels can produce hemorrhage: from blunt or penetrating trauma, from inadvertent surgical trauma with a deep suture during scleral buckling or from drainage of subretinal fluid either internally or externally. In the absence of trauma, hemorrhage can occur secondary to choroidal neovascularization. Macular edema is a major cause of visual loss in a number of ocular disorders, including diabetes, retinal vein occlusion, postoperative edema (Irvine–Gass), uveitis, vitreomacular traction syndrome and retinitis pigmentosa. Macular translocation can be defined as any surgery that has a primary goal of relocating the central neurosensory retina or fovea intraoperatively or postoperatively specifically for the management of macular disease. Step-by-step surgery for removal of posterior hyaloid using triamcinolone acetonide. Macular hole surgery using trypan blue dye for epiretinal membrane staining and indocyanine green dye for internal limiting membrane staining.