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Chapter-26 Macular and Allied Disorders

BOOK TITLE: Clinical Ophthalmology: Medical and Surgical Approach

Author
1. Venkatesh Pradeep
2. Verma Lalit
3. Tewari Hem K
ISBN
9789350250044
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/11246_26
Edition
2/e
Publishing Year
2011
Pages
23
Author Affiliations
1. Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Dr RP Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of, RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Dr Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi, India, Vitreo-retina Services, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, AIIMS, Delhi, India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical
2. Vitreo-retina Services, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Centre for Sight, B-5/24, Safdarjung Enclave (Opp. Deer Park), New Delhi-110029, India, Center for Sight, New Delhi, India, Center for Sight, Group of Hospitals, B-524, Safdarjung Enclave (Opp. Deer Park), New Delhi, India, Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India, Center for Sight and Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India, Centre for Sight, New Delhi, India, Center for Sight, Dwarka, New Delhi, India, Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, AIIMS, India, AIIMS, Delhi, India, Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New
3. All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, AIIMS, Delhi, India, Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Vitreo-retina Services, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Chapter keywords

Abstract

Macular diseases describes and thoroughly illustrates state-of-the-art diagnostic and treatment modalities for macular disorder macular diseases begins with contemporary techniques for evaluation of the macula, including: (a) Optical coherence tomography, (b) Microperimetry, and (c) Multifocal electroretinogram. Retinitis pigmentosa and allied diseases are heterogeneous clinically and genetically. Age-related maculopathy is the commonest overall cause of irreversible blindness in the western world and has been categorized into two forms: early and late. Age-related macular degeneration refers to the late form of age-related maculopathy. Early age-related maculopathy is characterized by the presence of lesions predisposing to the development of age-related macular degeneration. In a normal eye, the Bruch’s membrane keeps the highly vascular choroid and the highly photosensitive retina away from direct contact with one another and furthermore there is a firm adhesion of the retinal pigment epithelium to this layer. Central serous chorioretinopathy is a disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium-choriocapillaris complex that is characterized clinically by a localized serous detachment of the neurosensory retina usually involving the macular region and for which there is no identifiable cause. Accumulation of fluid at the macular region, either in the interstitial spaces or within Müller cells of the neurosensory retina, is designated as macular edema. Optically, myopia is that refractive state of the eye at rest wherein parallel rays of light are brought to a focus in front of the neurosensory retina. Telangiectasia is thinning and dilation of the capillary walls. In the retina this abnormality may occur in the macular region or in the periphery. Cousins and associates have classified macroaneurysms involving the retinal vasculature into four types. These are typical retinal artery macroaneurysm, retinal venous aneurysms, retinal capillary macroaneurysm and collateral associated macroaneurysm. Photic retinopathy may be defined as manifestations of the toxic effects resulting from photochemical, photothermal and mechanical interaction between light and retinal tissue. Radiation retinopathy is a delayed manifestation of the effect of ionizing radiation on the vascular and cellular elements of the retina.

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